“I make too much money to contribute to a Roth IRA.”
I can’t tell you how often I hear this statement from high-income earners. What’s fascinating is that in most cases, these individuals have never heard of the backdoor Roth IRA strategy—a powerful tool that can build tax-free retirement savings that can build tax-free retirement savings.
Let’s break down how this strategy works, who it’s for, and the common mistakes to avoid.
Why the Backdoor Roth IRA?
The IRS sets income limits on Roth IRA contributions. For 2024, if your Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) exceeds:
- $161,000 (single filers) or
- $240,000 (married filing jointly),
you’re no longer eligible to directly contribute to a Roth IRA.
But here’s the good news: there’s a legal workaround known as the backdoor Roth IRA that allows high earners to still contribute.
How It Works
- Contribute to a Traditional IRA:
- Make a non-deductible contribution (up to $7,000 for 2024, or $8,000 if you’re 50 or older).
- This is done with after-tax money, meaning you’ve already paid taxes on it.
- Convert to a Roth IRA:
- Immediately convert the money from the Traditional IRA into a Roth IRA.
- Since this contribution is non-deductible, there’s minimal or no tax owed during the conversion.
- Invest the Money:
- Once in the Roth IRA, invest the funds based on your risk tolerance and time horizon to allow your money to grow.
The Benefits of a Backdoor Roth IRA
Roth IRAs are unique because they allow for tax-free growth and withdrawals in retirement (provided you meet the rules: the account must be open for 5 years, and you must be 59.5 or older).
Let’s do some quick math:
- Contribute $7,000 annually for 30 years, earning an average 6% annual return.
- By the end of that period, your Roth IRA could grow to over ~$590,000—all tax-free*!
This is why the backdoor Roth IRA can be worth taking advantage of.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
While the backdoor Roth IRA strategy is straightforward, there are a few pitfalls you need to watch out for:
1. The Pro Rata Rule
The IRS treats all your IRAs (Traditional, SEP, SIMPLE) as one combined account for tax purposes.
- If you have any pre-tax money sitting in an IRA, a portion of your conversion will be taxed.
- Example: If 50% of your IRA balance is pre-tax, then 50% of your backdoor Roth conversion will be taxable.
Solution: Consider clearing out pre-tax IRA balances by rolling them into an employer-sponsored plan (like a 401(k)) before attempting the backdoor Roth.
2. Forgetting Form 8606
This form reports your non-deductible IRA contributions to the IRS. Missing it can lead to double taxation on your contributions.
Solution: Ensure your financial advisor and accountant communicate to properly file Form 8606.
3. Not Investing the Money
Contributing to a Roth IRA is only half the battle. If you don’t invest the money, it just sits in cash and doesn’t grow.
Solution: Invest your Roth IRA funds in a diversified portfolio aligned with your risk tolerance and goals.
Is the Juice Worth the Squeeze?
For high-income earners, the backdoor Roth IRA is one of the few ways to build tax-free wealth. While $7,000 per year might seem small, the long-term benefits compound significantly. Over time, the power of tax-free growth can be a game-changer for your retirement planning.
If you’re considering this strategy, make sure you have a solid plan and the right team to execute it. Avoiding mistakes and maximizing your opportunities can help ensure that “the juice is worth the squeeze.” The backdoor Roth IRA may be misunderstood by most, but with the right guidance, it could become one of your more powerful retirement savings tools.
*This hypothetical example is for illustrative purposes only. This is not a prediction or guarantee of actual results. This example is not intended to represent the value or performance of any specific product.
Any discussion of taxes is for general information purposes only, does not purport to be complete or cover every situation, and should not be construed as legal, tax or accounting advice. Clients should confer with their qualified legal, tax and accounting advisors as appropriate.
